Contents: Introduction: Why parliamentary leadership and action on AIDS are critical -- The Role of parliaments and their members in the response to AIDS: Providing strong leadership -- Shaping supportive laws and policies -- Increasing parliamentary oversight -- Ensuring predictable and sustainable financing -- Moving toward universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support: what parliamentarians can do: HIV testing and counselling -- Eliminating stigma and discrimination -- Prevention -- Treatment, care and support -- Reducing vulnerability among women -- Reducing vulnerability among children -- Reducing vulnerability among young people -- Reducing vulnerability among other populations at risk -- Reducing vulnerability among men who have sex with men -- Reducing vulnerability among people who use drugs -- Reducing vulnerability among sex workers -- Reducing vulnerability among prisoners -- Reducing vulnerability among migrants, refugees, people with disabilities, and other groups -- A Controversial issue: HIV transmission/exposure offences -- Useful background information for parliamentarians.